Physical Activity Levels in Leisure Time, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Brazilian Older Adults: National Health Survey, 2019.

Health interventions for elderly people must understand the association between physical activity, sociodemographic factors, and non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to verify the association between physical activity in leisure time, sociodemographic factors, and NCDs in Brazilian older people. This is a descriptive study, with a cross-sectional design, carried out using secondary data from the 2019 National Health Survey-Brazil. It used data from 23,144 subjects aged over 60 years. Statistical analyses included descriptive and quantile regression with cutoff points 0.25, 0.50 (Median), 0.75, and 0.90 to verify the association between the variables. The statistical software R version 4.1.3 was used. Older people aged between 60 and 79 years were highlighted up to the 50th quantile. Females showed lower values in all quantiles, with emphasis from quantile 50 onwards. Subjects who self-declared as "white" showed significant differences up to quantile 50, not indicating significant values from this cutoff point. Residents of the rural area had lower values than residents of the urban area in all quantiles, with emphasis starting from the median. For cardiovascular diseases, it was found that subjects who did not report having this type of disease had better results for the amount of physical activity during leisure time, especially from the 75th quantile. It was concluded that there is a direct relationship between time spent in leisure-time performing physical activity, sociodemographic variables, and NCDs. It is necessary to review and validate cutoff points according to each category viewed, which can favor the adjustment of interventions according to each population. Actions of this nature can favor adherence by groups of older people to the weekly practice of physical activity.

Differential Factors Are Associated with Physical Activity in Older Adults in Brazil with and without Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2019 National Health Survey.

This study analyzed whether sociodemographic factors, health perception, dietary habits, and screen time are related to physical activity (PA) in older people with and without non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey; the sample was older adults (≥60 years old; n = 22,726). The outcome of this study was being physically active or inactive during leisure time, and NCD was used as a moderating variable. The correlates investigated were sociodemographic and health-related variables. According to the logistic regression analysis, it was observed that being male had an association only in the group with NCDs (OR = 1.25 (1.05-1.48)), as well as residing in the northeastern region (OR = 1.26 (1.04-1.53)). On the other hand, high levels of education (OR = 4.09 (2.92-5.2); OR = 1.92 (1.48-2.49)) and income (OR = 1.64 (1.09-2.48); OR = 1.86 (1.33-2.60)) were associated with PA in both groups, as well as dietary habits (OR = 1.03 (1.01-1.05); (OR = 1.05 (1.04-1.07)). Advanced age (OR = 0.96 (0.94-0.97); OR = 0.97 (0.96-0.98)) and reporting a regular health perception (OR = 0.53 (0.43-0.66); OR = 0.61 (0.52-0.73)) were factors associated with physical inactivity in both groups. Gender, education, and income were unequally associated with an active lifestyle in both groups, and therefore, barriers to PA may arise.

Effect of agility ladder training with a cognitive task (dual task) on physical and cognitive functions: a randomized study.

Introduction: Agility training (AT) is used to improve neuromuscular performance and dynamic balance, which are crucial for the physical function of older adults. Activities of daily living, which decrease with age, involve tasks that simultaneously require motor, and cognitive abilities and can be considered dual tasks. Methods: This study investigates a training program's physical and cognitive effects using an agility ladder on healthy older adults. This program consisted of 30-min sessions twice per week and lasted for 14 weeks. The physical training included four different sequences with progressive difficulty levels, while the cognitive training (CT) included different verbal fluency (VF) tasks for each physical task. Sixteen participants (mean age of 66.9 ± 5.0 years) were allocated to two groups: AT alone (AT) and dual-task training (AT combined with CT [AT + CT]). Assessments were performed before and after 14 weeks of interventions using physical functional tests (e.g., Illinois agility test, five times sit-to-stand test, timed up and go [TUG], and one-leg stand) and cognitive tests (cognitive TUG, verbal fluency, attention, and scenery picture memory test). Results: After this period, both groups had significant differences in physical performance, muscle power, agility, static and dynamic balance, and short-term memory, whereas only the AT + CT group improved phonological verbal fluency, executive function (TUG combined with a cognitive task), attention (trail-making test-B), and short-term memory (scenery picture memory test). Conclusion: Indicating that only the group that received direct cognitive training had better enhanced cognitive function. Clinical trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: RBR-7t7gnjk.

Outdoor gyms and physical function: A cross-sectional comparative study between active and sedentary older adults.

Outdoor gyms (OG) are public places designed for physical activity, especially for older adults. This is a cross-sectional study that aimed to compare morphofunctional characteristics of sedentary and active older adults regarding OG. The participants consisted of 194 older people divided into three groups: sedentary (n = 76, mean age = 70.5 ± 6.4 years, 38.7% male); OG + walking (n = 86; mean age = 69 ± 6.1 years; male 50.6%); and OG (n = 32; mean age = 70.3 ± 8.3 years; male 56.3%). Socioeconomic and morphofunctional characteristics, anthropometric measurements, body composition, and functional tests were collected. For comparison among groups ANOVA, for categorical variables the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and to verify factors related to gait speed logistic regression were used. We found that sedentary older adults had lower educational level and lower prevalence of polypharmacy. OG + walking participants had lower waist circumference and fat percentage, and better gait speed. Older people in the OG + walking were less likely to show gait difficulty (i.e., <1.0 m/s) in reference to the sedentary group. In addition, strength and better performance on the Timed Up and Go were also associated with gait speed >1 m/s. It is understood that the higher volume of physical activity performed by OG + walking may be one of the reasons why they obtained better indicators in health aspects. The findings, especially regarding the characterization of profiles of older adults who use OG, leads to the definition of public policies aimed at the real needs of this public.

Correlates of Physical Activity in Brazilian Older Adults: The National Health Survey 2019.

Engagement in physical activity (PA) depends on intrapersonal, interpersonal/cultural, organizational, physical environment and political factors. Considering that it is important to understand this phenomenon in different populational contexts, this study aimed to investigate the factors related to engagement in PA according to sociodemographic aspects, eating habits, self-rated health, activities of daily living, noncommunicable diseases, mental health and public policies in Brazilian older people. This study had a cross-sectional design and used data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2019. Sample size was composed of 22,726 participants, aged 60 years or older, of both sexes, and all the data were collected by interview/questionnaire. According to the adjusted logistic regression, males were more active than females (OR = 1.59 (95% CI 1.40-1.80)), and those living in northern and northeastern Brazil were more likely to be inactive when compared to the southeastern region. Moreover, those with a higher educational level and income (OR = 1.36 (1.06-1.73) and OR = 1.60 (1.22-2.11)); with healthy eating habits (OR = 1.05 (1.03-1.06)); with positive self-rated health (OR = 2.67 (95% CI 1.51-4.71)); with better functional autonomy (OR = 1.22 (1.17-1.27)); and who reported that there was some public place (square, park, closed street, beach) to go for a walk, exercise or practice sport close to their home were more likely to be active (OR = 1.49 (1.34-1.67)). Sociodemographic factors, healthy eating habits, positive self-rated health, higher functioning in activities of daily living and living close to places where PA is practiced were associated with regular engagement in PA (i.e., ≥150 min/week).

Acute Neuromuscular, Physiological and Performance Responses After Strength Training in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Strength training (ST) is commonly used to improve muscle strength, power, and neuromuscular adaptations and is recommended combined with runner training. It is possible that the acute effects of the strength training session lead to deleterious effects in the subsequent running. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to verify the acute effects of ST session on the neuromuscular, physiological and performance variables of runners. METHODS: Studies evaluating running performance after resistance exercise in runners in the PubMed and Scopus databases were selected. From 6532 initial references, 19 were selected for qualitative analysis and 13 for meta-analysis. The variables of peak torque (PT), creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), countermovement jump (CMJ), ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), lactate (La) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated. RESULTS: The methodological quality of the included studies was considered reasonable; the meta-analysis indicated that the variables PT (p = 0.003), DOMS (p < 0.0001), CK (p < 0.0001), RPE (p < 0.0001) had a deleterious effect for the experimental group; for CMJ, VE, VO2, La, FC there was no difference. By qualitative synthesis, running performance showed a reduction in speed for the experimental group in two studies and in all that assessed time to exhaustion. CONCLUSION: The evidence indicated that acute strength training was associated with a decrease in PT, increases in DOMS, CK, RPE and had a low impact on the acute responses of CMJ, VE, VO2, La, HR and submaximal running sessions.

COVID-19 infection rate and time spent at home: analysis of the beginning of the pandemic / Taxa de infecção por COVID-19 e tempo gasto em casa: análise do começo da pandemia / Tasa de infección por COVID-19 y tiempo en casa: análisis del inicio de la pandemia

Background and Objectives: Evidence suggests that the failure of epidemiological control impedes the resumption of socioeconomic activities. Therefore, this study aimed to describe epidemiological aspects and the pattern of mobility on each continent and to verify the association between the COVID-19 infection rate and time spent at home. Methods: We analyzed reports from Global Positioning System of 97 countries and their epidemiological indicators until May 27, 2020. Results: Cases of COVID-19 ranged from 22 to 1,745,803, and deaths ranged from 0 to 102,107. The highest rates per 100,000 population were observed in Europe and America. Approximately 54% of COVID-19 cases occurred in America and 51% of deaths in Europe. Countries reduced mobility in retail and recreation (-43.45%±20.42%), grocery and pharmacy (-17.95%±20.82%), parks (-18.77%±37.34%), transit stations (-43.09%±20.31%), workplaces (-21.74%±19.92%), and increased time spent at home (13.00%±8.80%). Linear regression showed that European inhabitants stayed at home less when compared those on the American continent (ß=-4.933, SE=0.976, p<.001). In addition, every unit increase in the infection rate per 100,000 population increased 0.005 points in the mean time spent at home (ß=0.005, SE=0.001, p<.001). Conclusions: We provide evidence that increased infection rate of COVID-19 is associated with increased length of stay at home. As a main lesson, COVID-19 showed that in the absence of pharmacological resources, government authorities need to act quickly to contain the spread of infectious diseases.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: Evidências sugerem que as dificuldades no controle epidemiológico impedem a retomada das atividades socioeconômicas. Diante disso, tivemos os objetivos de descrever aspectos epidemiológicos e o padrão de mobilidade em cada continente e verificar a associação entre a taxa de infecção por COVID-19 e o tempo de permanência em casa. Métodos: Analisamos relatórios de Global Positioning System de 97 países e seus indicadores epidemiológicos até 27 de maio de 2020. Resultados: Casos de COVID-19 variaram de 22 a 1.745.803, e as mortes variaram de 0 a 102.107. Maiores taxas por 100.000 habitantes foram observadas na Europa e América. Aproximadamente 54% dos casos de COVID-19 ocorreram na América e 51% dos óbitos na Europa. Os países reduziram a mobilidade no varejo e recreação (-43,45% ± 20,42%), mercearia e farmácia (-17,95%±20,82%), parques (-18,77%±37,34%), estações de trânsito (-43,09%±20,31%), locais de trabalho (-21,74%±19,92%), e aumentaram o tempo em casa (13,00% ± 8,80%). A regressão linear mostrou que os habitantes europeus ficaram menos tempo em casa do que os habitantes do continente americano (ß=-4,933, EP=0,976, p<0,001). Além disso, cada unidade de aumento na taxa de infecção por 100.000 habitantes aumentou 0,005 pontos no tempo médio de permanência em casa (ß=0,005, EP=0,001, p<0,001). Conclusões: Fornecemos evidências de que o aumento da taxa de infecção por COVID-19 está associado ao aumento do tempo de permanência em casa. Como lição principal, a COVID-19 mostrou que, na ausência de recursos farmacológicos, as autoridades governamentais precisam agir rapidamente para conter a propagação de doenças infecciosas.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Dificultades en el control epidemiológico dificultan la reactivación de actividades socioeconómicas. Nuestros objetivos fueron describir aspectos epidemiológicos y el patrón de movilidad en cada continente y verificar la asociación entre tasa de infección por COVID-19 y duración de estancia en casa. Métodos: Examinamos informes del Global Positioning System de 97 países y sus indicadores epidemiológicos hasta 27 de mayo de 2020. Resultados: Casos de COVID-19 oscilaron entre 22 y 1.745.803, y muertes entre 0 y 102.107. Tasas más altas por 100.000 habitantes ocurrieron en Europa y América. Aproximadamente 54% de los casos de COVID-19 ocurrieron en América y 51% de las muertes en Europa. Los países redujeron la movilidad en comercio y recreación (-43,45%±20,42%), tienda de comestibles y farmacia (-17,95%±20,82%), parques (-18,77%±37,34%), estaciones de tránsito (-43,09%±20,31%), lugares de trabajo (-21,74%±19,92%), y aumentaron la duración de la estancia en casa (13,00%±8,80%). La regresión lineal (R²=0,906) mostró que los europeos permanecían menos tiempo en casa en comparación con los del continente americano (ß=-4,933, EE=0,976, p<0,001). Además, cada unidad de aumento de la tasa de infección por 100.000 habitantes aumentó la duración media de la estancia en casa en 0,005 puntos (ß=0,005, EE=0,001, p<0,001). Conclusiones: Mostramos que el aumento de la tasa de infección de COVID-19 se asocia con una mayor duración de la estancia en casa. Como lección clave, COVID-19 demostró que, en ausencia de recursos farmacológicos, las autoridades gubernamentales deben actuar rápidamente para contener la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas.(AU)

Comparison of exergames versus conventional exercises on the cognitive skills of older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of exergames versus conventional physical training on the cognitive skills of older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scientific studies published in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Individual studies were assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE Pro). The cognitive outcomes were Trail Making Test (TMT)-A, TMT-B, Stroop Word-Color test, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS: We identified 256 studies, in which 13 studies were included in the systematic review and 11 in the meta-analysis. The majority of the exergame interventions were based on the Xbox 360's Kinect, followed by the Impact Dance Platform, Nintendo Wii, and the Bike Labyrinth. We observed heterogeneity in the conventional exercise group and in the duration of training, which ranged from 12 to 52 sessions. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in TMT-A (p=0.083), TMT-B (p=0.122), and Stroop (p=0.191). There were differences in favor of exergames in MMSE (raw mean difference=-1.58, 95% CI: -2.87 to -0.28, p<0.001) and MoCA (raw mean difference=-1.22, 95% CI: -2.24 to -0.20, p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Despite statistical differences in MMSE and MoCA, these results should be interpreted with caution due to methodological heterogeneity. Some studies reported possible neurophysiological benefits induced by exergames, which should be explored in future investigations.

Physical activity, TV viewing, and human development index in Brazilian adolescents: Results from the National School Health Survey

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity (PA) indicators and TV viewing as a function of the Human Development Index (HDI). Method: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the National School Health Survey, which was composed of 102,072 students (14.28±1.03; 51.3% girls). Total PA, active commuting to school (ACS) and TV viewing were assessed by questionnaires and classified through a gradual scale ranging from "F" (low) to "A+" (high). The correlation between total PA, ACS, TV viewing and HDI was verified by Spearman's Correlation and presented in rs. Results: HDI was positively associated with total PA [girls: rs = 0.572 (p < 0.001); boys: rs = 0.843 (p < 0.001)] and ACS [girls: rs = 0.433 (p < 0.001); boys: rs = 0.554 (p < 0.001)]; while a negative correlation was found between HDI and TV viewing [girls: rs = -0.330 (p < 0.001); boys: rs = -0.348 (p < 0.001)]. Conclusions: Brazilian adolescents from states with higher HDI were more active and spent more time watching TV than their counterparts from states with lower HDI.

Disponibilidade para educação interprofissional em cursos orientados por métodos ativos de ensino-aprendizagem / Readiness for interprofessional education in undergraduate courses based on active learning methods

Resumo: Introdução: A educação interprofissional (EIP) desenvolve competências colaborativas, aprimora a segurança do paciente e melhora a qualidade da atenção à saúde. A disponibilidade para aprendizagem compartilhada relaciona-se diretamente com a EIP. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a disponibilidade dos estudantes para a EIP, de acordo com os ciclos e cursos. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Utilizou-se a Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) via formulário eletrônico. Os testes Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado foram utilizados para analisar respectivamente variáveis contínuas e categóricas. Nas análises para verificar as diferenças nas pontuações dos fatores 1. trabalho em equipe e colaboração (TEC), 2. identidade profissional (IP) e 3. atenção à saúde centrada no paciente (ACP), além da pontuação global da RIPLS, os cursos e ciclos foram comparados por meio do teste Kruskal-Wallis. Resultado: Participaram do estudo 506 estudantes, com taxa de respostas de 32,6%, dos cursos de Enfermagem, Farmácia, Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia, Medicina, Nutrição, Odontologia e Terapia Ocupacional de uma universidade pública brasileira. As pontuações dos fatores 1, 2 e 3 e a pontuação global da RIPLS não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos. Os estudantes do curso de Farmácia apresentaram menor disponibilidade para o fator 3 (ACP) quando comparados com os alunos de Enfermagem, Fisioterapia, Medicina, Odontologia e Terapia Ocupacional (p = 0,007). Os discentes de Fonoaudiologia e Nutrição apresentaram menor pontuação no mesmo fator em comparação com os de Odontologia e Terapia Ocupacional (p = 0,007). Os estudantes de Farmácia (p = 0,004) e Medicina (p = 0,016) foram menos propícios a obter maior pontuação no fator 1 (TEC), enquanto os de Terapia Ocupacional obtiveram maior chance para maior disponibilidade no mesmo fator (p = 0,024). No fator 2 (IP), os estudantes do quinto ciclo foram menos propensos a atitudes positivas (p = 0,046). Observou-se que os estudantes de Terapia Ocupacional apresentaram atitude mais favorável para a EIP expressa tanto no fator 3 (p = 0,034) quanto na pontuação global (p = 0,027), enquanto os alunos do curso de Farmácia apresentaram menor chance para melhor disponibilidade no fator 3 (p = 0,003) e na pontuação global (p = 0,003). Conclusão: Considerando a relevância da EIP no processo de reorientação da formação de profissionais de saúde para a construção da integralidade do cuidado e alinhamento com o Sistema Único de Saúde, este estudo pretende contribuir para a reflexão acerca das diferenças na disponibilidade para EIP entre cursos de graduação na área da saúde.

Abstract: Introduction: Interprofessional Education (IPE) helps develop collaborative skills, enhance patient safety and improve the quality of health care. Readiness for shared learning is directly related to IPE. Objective: To analyze Readiness for IPE among students, according to the cycles and courses. Method: This cross-sectional, descriptive study adopted a quantitative approach and used the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) via an electronic form. Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were used to analyze the continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Analyses to ascertain differences between scores for the factors (1) Teamwork and Collaboration (TEC), (2) Professional Identity (IP), (3) Patient-Centered Health Care (ACP), and the overall RIPLS score, used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare courses and cycles. Result: A response rate of 32.6% was attained from a sample of 506 students from the Nursing, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Speech Therapy, Medicine, Nutrition, Dentistry and Occupational Therapy courses of a Brazilian public university. The scores for factors 1, 2 and 3, and the overall RIPLS score did not differ between genders. Pharmacy students reported a lower Readiness for factor 3 (ACP) compared to students in Nursing, Physiotherapy, Medicine, Dentistry and Occupational Therapy (p=0.007). Speech therapy and Nutrition reported lower scores for the same factor compared to Dentistry and Occupational Therapy (p=0.007). Pharmacy students (p=0.004) and medicine students (p=0.016) were less likely to obtain a higher score in factor 1(TEC), while Occupational Therapy students were more likely to report greater Readiness in the same factor (p=0.024). In factor 2 (IP), fifth grade students were less likely to have positive attitudes (p=0.046). It was observed that Occupational Therapy students showed a more favorable attitude towards IPE expressed both in factor 3 (p=0.034) and in the overall score (p=0.027), while students in the Pharmacy course were less likely to report better readiness in factor 3 (p=0.003) and in the overall score (p=0.003). Conclusion: Considering the relevance of IPE in the process of redirecting health care training to build comprehensive care and ensure alignment with the Unified Health System, this study aims to reflect on the differences in readiness for IPE between undergraduate courses in health area.

Physical activity level in overweight adolescents at school: a systematic review / Nível de atividade física em jovens escolarizados com excesso de peso: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract - The objective of this systematic review was to identify the association between overweight/obesity and level of physical activity in Brazilian children and adolescents in the school setting. For search strategy, the main reference databases (PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, ERIC) were used. Baseline searches resulted in 3,265 potentially relevant titles (2,775 titles after removal of duplicate studies); 21 studies met all inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. Studies were carried out from 2007 to 2019; 47.6% of them were conducted in Southern Brazil, and only one study had nationwide approach. Prevalence from 5.4% to 21% was identified for overweight, 3.5% to 16.9% for obesity and 11.8% to 40.1% for overweight + obesity. According to results, 64.3% of overweight, 69.8% of obese and 37.7% of young overweight people were considered insufficiently active. The non-standardization of instruments to assess levels of physical activity and the lack of information regarding other Brazilian regions were classified as important limitations. The results reinforce the increase in the prevalence of overweight in Brazilian children and adolescents, and the high prevalence of physical inactivity among them. For every ten overweight children/adolescents, six are reported to be insufficiently active.

Resumo - O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi identificar a associação entre excesso de peso, obesidade e nível de atividade física em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, no ambiente escolar. A busca eletrônica foi realizada nas principais bases de dados de referência (PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, ERIC). A pesquisas nas bases resultaram em 3265 títulos potencialmente relevantes (2775 títulos após análise duplicada); 21 estudos preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão e foram analisados. Os estudos foram realizados entre 2007 e 2019, 47,6% deles foram realizados no sul do Brasil, e apenas uma pesquisa foi realizada a nível nacional. Foi identificado prevalências de 5,4% a 21% para sobrepeso, 3,5% a 16,9% para obesidade e 11,8% a 40,1% para excesso de peso (obesidade + sobrepeso). De acordo com os resultados, 64,3% dos jovens com sobrepeso, 69,8% dos obesos e 37,7% daqueles com excesso de peso foram considerados insuficientemente ativos. A não padronização dos instrumentos para avaliar os níveis de atividade física e a pouca representatividade de outras regiões brasileiras foram classificadas como lacunas importantes. Os resultados reforçam o aumento da prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, e a alta prevalência de inatividade física entre estes jovens. A cada dez jovens acima do peso, seis são insuficientemente ativos.

Structure for the practice of physical activities in Brazilian schools, Human Development Index and Basic Education Development Index: contributions to the Report Card Brazil / Estrutura para a prática de atividades físicas nas escolas brasileiras, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica: contribuições para o Report Card Brasil

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify structures for the practice of physical activities (PA) in Brazilian Schools and relate them to the Human Development Index (HDI), Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) and quality indicators from the Report Card Brazil (RCB). This is a descriptive study that used secondary data from INEP-Brazil to identify and classify structures for the practice of PA in Brazilian schools based on the presence of "schoolyards", "sports courts" and "sporting materials", organized by elementary and high schools. Data were organized by Macroeconomic Region and related to HDI, IDEB and Report Card Brazil Quality Classification Criteria. Thus, for "Elementary School", positive and significant relationship was observed between HDI and the presence of "schoolyards" (r=0.53; p=0.004), "sports courts" (r=0.855; p<0, 01) and "sporting materials"(r=0.764; p<0.01), while for IDEB, values ​​followed the same logic, associated to the presence of "schoolyards" (r=0.475; p=0.01), "sports courts" (r=0.676; p<0.01) and "sporting materials" (r=0.535; p<0.01). For "High School", relationship was observed between HDI and the presence of "sports courts" (r=0.517; p<0.01) and "sporting materials" (r=0.499; p<0.01), while for IDEB, relationship was only observed with the presence of "sporting materials" (r=0.508; p<0.01). It could be concluded that the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil have schools with lower presence of structure for the practice of Physical Activity and that there is positive relationship of this structure with HDI, IDEB and quality indicators of the Report Card Brazil.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as estruturas para atividades físicas (AF) nas escolas brasileiras e relacioná-las ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) e indicadores de qualidade do Report Card Brasil (RCB). Trata-se de estudo descritivo que utilizou dados secundários do INEP-Brasil para a identificação e classificação da estrutura para prática de AF nas escolas brasileiras, a partir da existência de "pátio", "quadras" e "materiais esportivos", organizadas por escolas do nível "fundamental" e "médio". Os dados foram organizados por Região Macroeconômica e relacionados com os Índices IDH, IDEB e os Critérios de Classificação de Qualidade do RCB. Assim, para o "Ensino Fundamental", verificou-se relação positiva entre o IDH e a existência de "pátio" (r=0,53; p=0,004), "quadra" (r=0,855; p<0,01) e material esportivo (r=0,764; p<0,01), o IDEB também apresentou relação positiva com a existência de "pátio" (r=0,475; p=0,01), "quadra esportiva" (r=0,676; p<0,01) e "material esportivo" (r=0,535; p<0,01). Para o "Ensino Médio", verificou-se relação entre o IDH e a existência de quadras (r=0,517; p<0,01) e materiais esportivos (r=0,499; p < 0,01), enquanto para o IDEB, apenas houve relação com a existência de materiais esportivos (r=0,508; p<0,01). Conclui-se que as Regiões Norte e Nordeste possuem escolas com menores frequências de estrutura para Atividade Física e que há relação positiva desta estrutura com o IDH, IDEB e classificação de qualidade RCB.

School physical activity and mental health in school-aged Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review / Atividade física e saúde mental em adolescentes brasileiros escolarizados: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify evidence regarding associations between School Physical Activity (PA) and Mental Health (MH) in Brazilian school-aged adolescents. This is a systematic review study. Studies were selected in Portuguese and English and identified by a systematic search in six electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus / Ebsco, ScIELO, ERIC, and LILACS, which comprised publications until 2019. Inclusion criteria were: studies with cohort, descriptive, cross-sectional or qualitative design; performed with children and adolescents; studies that analyzed the relationship between PA and MH; studies that investigated adolescents who practiced PA in schools; studies carried out in Brazil; and studies that reached minimum of 60% of methodological quality criteria according to STROBE. Physical education, as curricular activity in basic education, has protective effect on MH in the school setting. In addition, more than 300 min/week of PA was positively associated with MH; while associations between PA and excessive TV time; social isolation; and body weight dissatisfaction were negatively associated. School PA is positively associated with MH as it promotes physical and psychological well-being, impacting on the reduction of insomnia rates, attenuating loneliness and improving physical appearance.

RESUMO Objetivou-se identificar a evidência quanto às associações entre atividade física (AF) e saúde mental (SM) em adolescentes escolarizados brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo de Revisão Sistemática. Os estudos foram selecionados em português e inglês e identificados por meio de uma busca sistemática em seis bases de dados eletrônicas: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus/Ebsco, ScIELO, ERIC, e LILACS, que compreendeu publicações até o final de 2019. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos com um desenho de coorte, descritivo de caráter exploratório, transversal, ou qualitativos; realizados com crianças e adolescentes; estudos que analisaram a relação entre AF e SM; estudos que investigaram adolescentes que praticavam AF nas escolas; estudos realizados no Brasil e os que obtiveram a pontuação mínima estabelecida de 60% conforme os critérios da qualidade metodológica do instrumento STROBE. A Educação Física oferecida no currículo da educação básica tem um efeito protetor sobre a SM no ambiente escolar. Além disso, mais de 300 min/semana de AF foi associado positivamente com a SM. Algumas associações foram negativas entre a AF e a SM, tais como: tempo excessivo de TV; isolamento social; insatisfação com o peso corporal. A AF escolar está associada positivamente à SM por promover bem-estar físico e psicológico, impactando na redução dos índices de problema de insônia, atenuando a solidão e melhorando a aparência física.

Perfil da força muscular isométrica em atletas de rugby em cadeira de rodas / Profile of isometric muscle strength in athletes of wheelchair rugby

Objetivo: Analisar os níveis de força muscular em atletas de rugby em cadeira de rodas (RCR). Método: A amostra foi composta por 10 atletas (homens) com lesão da medula espinhal em nível cervical (tetraplegia) com média de idade de 31,1±5,06 anos. Os atletas foram recrutados na equipe de RCR do Projeto de Atividade Motora e Esporte Adaptado da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ADEACAMP/UNICAMP). Resultados: Para analisar os níveis de força muscular isométrica (flexão e extensão dos ombros e cotovelos) foi utilizado dinamômetro isométrico, enquanto ultrassom foi usado para avaliação da espessura muscular (flexores e extensores do cotovelo, ambos os lados), utilizando 7,3 MHz da sonda linear-matriz. Correlação ponto-bisserial foi utilizada para verificar a associação entre os níveis de força de acordo com a posição de jogo; enquanto a correlação de Spearman verificou a associação entre os níveis de força entre membros dominantes e não dominantes, além da relação músculo agonista versus antagonista. Ainda, o teste Mann Whitney U foi utilizado para comparar os jogadores titulares e reservas quanto à força e espessura muscular. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que quanto maior a classificação funcional, maiores são os valores de força voluntária isométrica máxima; e que a força isométrica tem correlação com o desempenho de atletas de RCR

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze muscle strength levels in wheelchair rugby athletes. Methods: The sample was 10 athletes (men) with spinal cord injury at cervical level (tetraplegia) with mean age of 31.1 ± 5.06 years. The athletes were recruited in the rugby team in wheelchair of the Motor Activity and Adapted Sport Project of the University of Campinas (ADEACAMP/UNICAMP). Results: In order to analyze the isometric muscular strength levels (flexion/extension of the shoulders and elbows), dynamometer was used, while muscle thickness was verified by ultrasound (flexors and extensors of the elbow, both sides), using 7.3 MHz of the linear-array probe. Point bi-serial correlation was applied to verify associations of game position and strength; while Spearman's correlation verified associations of strength and dominant and nondominant sides, and the relationship of agonist versus antagonist muscles. Moreover, the Mann Whitney U test was used to compare first to second-string players regarding strength and muscle thickness. Conclusion: We concluded that the higher the functional classification, higher the values of maximum isometric voluntary strength; and that the isometric strength correlates with their rugby performances

The importance of objectively measuring functional tests in complement to self-report assessments in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease which can result in chronic pain, loss of joint function and consequently decline in quality of life. RESEARCH QUESTION: A variety of instruments that measure the different dimensions of health status in patients with OA are available. However, despite the fact that WOMAC and other questionnaires and scales may provide additional understanding regarding the patient's condition, some studies have reported discrepancies between patients' perceptions and their actual ability to perform the task. The aim of the present study was investigate the physical capabilities with the function domain of WOMAC. METHODS: This study has a cross-sectional design including patients diagnosed with moderate to severe knee OA (i.e., grades II, III and IV) according to the Kellgren-Lawrence. These patients were submitted to the battery of functional tests recommended by the OARSI group (30-second chair stand test, 40 m fast paced walking test, Stair climb test, timed "Up and Go", and Six-minute walking test) and filled the WOMAC. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression was applied. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were included. A significant and weak correlation was observed between WOMAC and the 40-meter walking test, TUG, stair-climbing test, and the 6MWT. In addition, 30-second chair stand test demonstrated a significant and moderate correlation (r=-0.503). The multiple regression analysis results indicated that only 30-second chair stand test was a significant (p = 0.001) predictor of WOMAC. This result remains significant even after adjusting for age, BMI, total muscle mass, and number of knees affected SIGNIFICANCE: The 30-second chair stand test is associated with the WOMAC function domain. There is no correlation of this domain with any other functional tests, emphasizing the importance of including other tests for a global evaluation.

Effects of Combined Resistance and Power Training on Cognitive Function in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The present study compared the effects of traditional resistance training (TRT) and combined power training (PT) and TRT (PTRT) on cognitive parameters and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in non-demented, well-functioning, community-dwelling older women. Forty-five older women were randomized into one of three experimental groups: TRT, PTRT, and control group (CG). Cognitive tests explored global cognitive function, short-term memory, and dual-task performance. Serum BDNF levels were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Exercise sessions were performed twice a week over 22 weeks. In TRT, exercise sessions were based on three sets of 8-10 repetitions at "difficult" intensity. In PTRT, the first session was based on PT (three sets of 8-10 repetitions at "moderate" intensity), while the second session was similar to the TRT. Our analyses indicated that overall cognitive function, short-term memory, and dual-task performance were similarly improved after TRT and PTRT. Serum BDNF concentrations were not altered by any training protocol. In conclusion, the two RT programs tested in the present trial improved global cognitive function, short-term memory and dual task performance in non-demented, well-functioning, community-dwelling older women. In addition, our findings suggest that mechanisms other than BDNF may be associated with such improvements.

Influence of overweight on functional capacity of physically active older women / Influência do sobrepeso na capacidade funcional de mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas

Abstract Aging comprises a dynamic and progressive process, characterized by physiological and functional changes. Among these changes, increase in body fat is considered relevant, since it can leads to impaired physical fitness and augmented cardiometabolic risks. Considering this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of overweight on functional capacity of physically active older women. A field survey was performed with 24 older women who practiced physical exercise. Participants were submitted to anamnesis, anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass and height); the Senior Fitness test; sit and reach flexibility test; and handgrip strength test. Pearson's correlation test and multivariate logistic regression were used to verify the association between overweight and functional capacity. It was observed that hip flexibility (R=-0.494, p=0.014) and flexibility of the lower limbs (i.e., sit and reach test) showed negative correlation with the body mass index (R=-0.446, p=0.02); and after the multivariate logistic regression, negative correlation of lower limbs flexibility (B=-0,035, p=0,014) and the body mass index was observed. Thus, higher the body mass index among participants, lower hip flexibility they presented.

Resumo O envelhecimento compreende um processo dinâmico e progressivo. Caracteriza-se por alterações fisiológicas e funcionais, sendo a modificação na composição corporal com o acréscimo de gordura corpórea considerada relevante, podendo ocasionar comprometimento da aptidão física e alterações cardiometabólicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do sobrepeso na capacidade funcional em idosas praticantes de exercício físico. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo correlacional com 24 idosas praticantes de exercício físico. Todas as idosas foram submetidas a anamnese, analise antropométrica com avaliação da massa corporal e estatura, capacidade funcional com a bateria de testes de Rikli e Jones (Sênior Fitness test), flexibilidade com o banco de Wells e força de prensão manual com o teste de preensão manual. Utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson e a regressão logística multivariada pelo método Stepwise para verificar a associação entre sobrepeso e capacidade funcional. Observou-se que a flexibilidade de Quadril (R=-0,494, p=0,014) e a flexibilidade dos membros inferiores pelo banco de Wells (R=-0,446, p=0,02) apresentaram forte correlação negativa com o índice de massa corporal (IMC). Após a regressão logística multivariada, percebeu-se uma forte correlação negativa com a flexibilidade do quadril (B=-0,035, p=0,014). Assim, a flexibilidade do quadril entre as idosas ativas com sobrepeso reduziu com o aumento do IMC.

Frailty, physical fitness and quality of life: a comparison between physically frail and robust older women / Fragilidad, aptitud física y calidad de vida: comparación entre personas de la tercera edad frágiles y robustas físicamente / Fragilidade, aptidão física e qualidade de vida: uma comparação entre idosas fisicamente frágeis e robustas

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare physical fitness, quality of life and domains of frailty between physically frail and robust older women, whose was classified by the physical domain from Kihon Checklist. METHOD: One hundred and thirty-two community-dwelling older women participated in the study (68.5 +/- 6.1 years). Data were collected through questionnaires (sociodemographic, Kihon Checklist, Short Form-8 items) and physical and functional tests. RESULTS: Most frail older women lived alone (P<0.01), had lower frequency of leaving home weekly (P<0.03) and reported a greater history of fall events compared to the robust ones (P<0.01). In addition, physically frail older women presented lower performance in handgrip strength, walking speed usual and maximum, and Timed Up and Go. In addition, they had worst results in other domains of frailty (i.e., instrumental activities of daily living, oral condition, socialization, cognition) as well as a lower quality of life. Older women leaving home in a lower frequency and living alone may present an increase of emotional issues and, occasionally, a decrease of the quality of life. CONCLUSION: Physical frail older women leaving home less present lower muscle strength and power and, a combination of frailties besides the physical one

OBJETIVO: Comparar la aptitud física, la calidad de vida y los dominios de fragilidad entre ancianos físicamente frágiles y robustos, clasificados por el dominio físico del Kihon Checklist. MÉTODO: Mujeres ancianas de la comunidad participaron del estudio (n=132; 68.5 +/- 6.1 años). Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de cuestionarios (sociodemográfico, Kihon Checklist, Short Form-8) y pruebas físicas y funcionales. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las ancianas frágiles vivían solas (P <0.01), presentaron menor frecuencia para salir de casa semanalmente (P <0.03) y sufrieron mayor número de caídas en comparación a las robustas (P <0.01). Las personas de edad avanzada físicamente frágiles presentaron un menor desempeño en la fuerza de prensión manual, velocidad de caminata usual y máxima y en el test Timed Up and Go. Además, presentaron resultados peores en otros ámbitos de fragilidad (actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria, condición oral, socialización, cognición), así como una menor calidad de vida. Las ancianas que salen de casa con menor frecuencia y viven solas pueden presentar un aumento de problemas emocionales y, ocasionalmente, una disminución de la calidad de vida. CONCLUSIÓN: Ancianas físicamente frágiles, que salen menos de casa, presentan menor fuerza y potencia muscular junto a otros ámbitos de fragilidad

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a aptidão física, qualidade de vida e os domínios de fragilidade entre idosas fisicamente frágeis e robustas, classificadas pelo dominio físico do Kihon Checklist. MÉTODO: Cento e trinta e duas idosas da comunidade participaram do estudo (68.5 +/- 6.1 anos). Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários (sociodemográfico, Kihon Checklist, Short Form-8) e testes físicos e funcionais. RESULTADOS: A maioria das idosas frágeis moravam sozinhas (P <0.01), apresentaram menor frequência ao sair de casa semanalmente (P <0.03) e relataram maior histórico de quedas em comparação às robustas (P <0.01). Além disso, as idosas fisicamente frágeis apresentaram menor desempenho na força de preensão manual, velocidade de caminhada usual e máxima, Timed Up and Go. Em adição a isto, apresentaram resultados agravados em outros domínios da fragilidade (atividades instrumentais da vida diária, condição oral, socialização, cognição), bem como uma menor qualidade de vida. Idosas que saem de casa com menor frequência e moram sozinhas podem apresentar um acréscimo de problemas emocionais e, ocasionalmente, uma diminuição da qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: Idosas físicamente frágeis, que saem menos de casa, apresentam menor força e potência muscular, e uma combinação do domínio físico com outros domínios da fragilidade